Manchukuo - Books - Famous Chinese Shopping City

March 8, 2014


		1 Introduction 2 Political history of Manchukuo 3 Administrative Divisions 4 Stamps and postal history of Manchukuo 5 See also 6 External links

Famous Chinese Shopping City Books

Manchukuo

Wikipedia

mergefrom General Aspects of Manchoukou Empire

<table border=1 width=300 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 align=right>
<tr><th colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=#CCCCCC>State of Manchuria</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2 align=center>image:WWIIMANT001_png.png|center|240px|Flag</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2 align=center>Chinese name</th></tr>
<tr><td>Chinese language|Chinese</td><td>满洲国/滿洲國</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hanyu Pinyin</td><td>Mǎnzhōuguó</td></tr>
<tr><td width=150>Wade-Giles</td><td width=150>Man-chou-kuo</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2 align=center>Japanese language|Japanese Name</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kanji</td><td>満州国</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hepburn Romaji</td><td>Manshūkoku</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Image:Manchukuo.jpg|thumb|320px</td></tr>
</table>

Manchukuo was a nominally independent puppet state set up by the Empire of Japan in Manchuria (Northeastern China) which existed from 1931 to 1945.

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Political history of Manchukuo

Inner Manchuria came under strong Russian influence in the 1890s with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin, China|Harbin to Vladivostok. Japanese influence replaced Russian in Inner Manchuria as a result of the Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905), and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Dalian|Port Arthur (Japanese: Ryojun).

Between World War I and World War II Manchuria became a political and military battleground. Japanese influence extended into Outer Manchuria in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917, but Outer Manchuria had reverted to Soviet Russian control by 1925. Japan took advantage of the disorder following the Russian Revolution to occupy Outer Manchuria but Soviet successes and United States|American economic pressure forced Japanese withdrawal.

During the period of the warlord|warlords in China, Chang Tso-Lin established himself in Inner Manchuria but the Japanese Kwantung Army found him too independent and assassinated him 1928. After the Japanese invasion of China in 1931, Japan declared the area independent from China on February 18, 1932 as the Great Manchu State (Manchukuo, in pinyin, 'Manzhouguo'). The city of Changchun, renamed Xinjing (新京) or "New capital", became the capital of the new entity.

The Japanese installed Puyi, the last Chinese emperor of the Qing Dynasty, as chief executive in 1932, and in 1934 he became emperor of Manchukuo with the reign name of "Kang Teh" or "Tranquility and Virtue". Manchukuo thus became the "Great Manchu Empire". Zheng Xiaoxu served as Manchukuo's first prime minister until 1935, when Zhang Jinghui succeeded him.

In this manner Japan formally detached Manchukuo from China in the course of the 1930s. With Japanese investment and rich natural resources, the area became an industrial powerhouse. Education focused on practical work training for boys and domestic work for girls, all based on adherence to the "Kingly Way" and stressing loyalty to the Emperor. Eventually, Japanese language | Japanese became the official language taught in Manchukuo schools and Shinto became the national religion.

Few nations recognized the new state, and the League of Nations (via the Lytton Report) declared that Manchuria remained rightfully part of China, leading Japan to resign from the League in 1934. Of the major powers only Japan, Italy, and Germany recognized Manchukuo diplomatically. In addition Manchukuo gained recognition from the Japanese collaborationist government of China under Wang Jingwei, El Salvador, Costa Rica and the Vatican City State.

Prior to World War II, the Japanese colonized Manchukuo and used it as a base from which to invade China. Japan's invasion of China proved to be a very costly war (in men, mat?riel and political integrity) -- as costly to Japan as Operation Barbarossa (Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union) proved to Germany -- and for the most part for similar reasons. In the summer of 1939 a border dispute between Manchukuo and Mongolia resulted in the Battle of Halhin Gol, when a combined USSR|Soviet/Mongolian force defeated the Japanese Kwantung Army.

In spite of the country's name, the Manchus actually consituted a minority in Manchukuo, which had Chinese as its largest ethnic group, along with large numbers of Koreans, Japanese, Mongols and smaller minorities.

The Emperor had no power at all, and all of the Manchu ministers only served as front-men for their Japanese vice-ministers, who actually made all decisions. Emperor Kang Teh lived in constant fear of his life, with some justification. The Japanese told him how to dress, how to worship and even tried to control whom he married.

On August 8, 1945 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan in accordance with the agreement at the Yalta Conference, and invaded Manchukuo from Russian Manchuria. This was called Operation August Storm. Emperor Kang Teh had hoped to escape to Japan to surrender to the Americans, but the Soviets captured him and eventually extradited him to China, where the authorities threw him in prison as a war criminal along with all other captured Manchukuo officials.

From 1945 to 1948, Manchuria (Inner Manchuria) served as a base area for the People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang. With Soviet encouragement, the Communist Party of China|Chinese Communists used Manchuria as a staging ground until the end of the civil war in 1949.

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Administrative Divisions

In 1934, Manchukuo was organized into 14 provinces (省) and 2 special municipalities (特別市). ||| ||| ||| ||| ||| ||| ||| ||| ||| ||| ||| ||| ||| |||

Province name	Chinese	Pinyin	Wade-Giles	Capital
Andong	安東	----	Fengtian	奉天	----	Jinzhou	錦州	----	Jilin	吉林	----	Rehe	熱河	----	Jiandao	間島	----	Heihe	黑河	----	Sanjiang	三江	----	Longjiang	龍江	----	Binjiang	濱江	----	Xing'anbei	興安北	----	Xing'andong	興安東	----	Xing'annan	興安南	----	Xing'anxi	興安西	----

|| ||

Municipality Name	Chinese	Pinyin	Wades-Giles
Xinjing	新京
Harbin	哈爾濱

In 1939, Manchukuo was reorganized into 19 provinces and one special municipality. The Harbin municipality was abolished and four new provinces were added. ||| ||| ||| ||| |||

Province name	Chinese	Pinyin	Wade-Giles	Capital
Mudanjiang	牡丹江	----	Tonghua	通化	----	Andong	東安	----	Beidong	北安	----	Siping	四平	----

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Stamps and postal history of Manchukuo

Manchukuo issued its first postage stamps on July 28, 1932. A number of denominations existed, with two designs: the pagoda at Liaoyang and a portrait of Puyi. Originally the inscription read (in Chinese) "Manchu State Postal Administration"; in 1934, a new issue read "Manchu Empire Postal Administration". An orchid crest design appeared in 1935, and a design featuring the Sacred White Mountains in 1936.

1936 also saw a new regular series featuring various scenes and surmounted by the orchid crest. Between 1937 and 1945, the government issued a variety of commemoratives: for anniversaries of its own existence, to note the passing of new laws, and to honor Japan in various ways, for instance, on the 2600th anniversary of the Japanese Empire in 1940. The last issue of Manchukuo came on May 2, 1945, commemorating the 10th anniversary of an edict.

After the dissolution of the government, successor postal authorities locally handstamped many of the remaining stamp stocks with ideograms reading "Republic of China" and so forth. In addition, the L?shunkou|Port Arthur and Dairen Postal Administration overprinted many Manchukuo stamps between 1946 and 1949.

<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
<caption>Manchukuo 1932 - 1945</caption>

<tr>
<th style="background:#efefef;">Personal Names</th>
<th style="background:#efefef;">Period of Reigns</th>
<th style="background:#efefef;">Chinese era name|era names (年號) and their corresponding range of years</th>
</tr>

<tr>
<td colspan="5" align="center">All given names in bold.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Aixinjuelo Puyi | Aixinjuelo Puyi 愛新覺羅溥儀 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 pu3 yi2</td>
<td>March 1932 - August  1945</td>
<td>Datong (大同 da4 tong2) 1932<BR>
Kangde (康德 kang1 de2) 1934
</td>
</tr>

</table>

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