Khwarezmia - Books - Famous Chinese Shopping City

March 8, 2014


		1 Introduction 2 Early history 3 Classical times 4 Middle Ages 5 Modern Age 6 See also 7 Reference 8 External link

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Khwarezmia

Wikipedia

Khwarezmia (also with various alternate spellings, including Chorasmia and Khorezm) was a state located on what was then the coast of the Aral Sea, including modern Karakalpakstan across the Ust-Urt plateau and perhaps extending to as far west as the eastern shores of the North Caspian Sea. To the south it bordered Khorasan, to the north the kingdom of Alans, to the southeast Kangju and Sogdian Transoxiana, and on the northeast with the Huns of Transiaxartesia. Its capitals were Old Urgench|Urgench (until Genghis Khan's invasion in 1221) and Khiva (from the 17th century on).

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Early history

According to Ancient Khorezm (Moscow 1948), written by the head of the Soviet archaeological-ethnographic expedition of 1945 - 1948, Sergei Pavlovich Tolstov (1907-1976), the first inhabitants of the area were Hurrians from the area of Transcaucasian Iberia, and he explains the etymology of "Chorezm" as Hurri-Land. The first two names of rulers we have for the area are Sijavus c.1300 BC (synonymous with Afrasiab c.1100 BC) and Aurvat-Aspa, usually placed in the late 600s BC though dating is very difficult. From the ancient times the Iranian tribes entered and inhabited the area. Their language, Khwarezmian, was one of the Eastern Iranian languages.

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Classical times

When the King of Khwarezmia offered friendship to Alexander the Great in 328 BC, Alexander's Greek and Roman biographers imagined the nomad king of a desert waste, but 20th century Russian archeology|archeologists revealed Khiva as a stable and centralized kingdom, a land of agriculture to the east of the Aral Sea, surrounded by the nomads of Central Asia, protected by its army of mailed horsemen, in the most powerful kingdom northwest of the Amu Darya ('Oxus River' of antiquity). The king's emissary offered to lead Alexander's armies against his own enemies, west over the Caspian towards the Black Sea. Alexander politely refused.

The pahlavi|Pekhlevi script based on Aramaic alphabet was used by Persian Empire|Persian bureaucracy alongside Old Persian passed into use in Khwarezmia to the north, where it served as the first local alphabet, about the 2nd century.

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Middle Ages

According to Biruni the area was ruled by the Afrigid dynasty from the 4th century to the 8th century. The resurgent kingdom was established around Khiva in 410 by Eurasian Avars|Avar tribes possibly under Hephthalites influence. The inhabitants were called Khwalis or Kaliz by the Magyars after the eastern-most Avars|Kabars of Hungary, who dwelt in Carpathian Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia. They were also called Khalisioi in Greek language|Greek, Khvalis (and often associated with Khazars) in Russian language|Russian and HuaLaZiMu (or perhaps Kua-Li & Ho-li-sih-mi-kia) in Chinese language|Chinese. The etymology of the name is unknown but may pertain to a kingdom of the Aral Sea or Hua people.

Khiva was the birthplace of the great Persian Empire|Persian mathematics|mathematician of the Abbasid period, al-Khwarezmi.

In the 11th century the Khwarezmid Empire conquered all of Persia under the Shah Allah al-Din Muhammad II of Khwarezm|Muhammad II. In 1218 to 1220 Genghis Khan and his Mongols destroyed the empire and its capital, Kunya|Urgench.

Also see Khalyzians.

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Modern Age

The region of Khwarezm became part of the Jagatai Khanate, and its capital of Urgench was rebuilt and again became one of the largest and most important trading centers in Central Asia. However, Timur regarded Khwarezm as a rival to Samarkand, and over the course of 5 campaigns, he destroyed the city completely in 1388. In the 16th century, the area fell under the Khanate of Khiva.

On August 12 1873, a peace treaty was signed that established Khiva as a Russian protectorate. In 1924, northern Khwarezmia became the Uzbek SSR, in 1925 the western part became the Turkmen SSR and in 1936 the eastern Khwarezm became the Tadzhik SSR. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, these became Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan respectively. Southern Khwarezmia is today a part of Iran.

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