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Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: 五代十國 Simplified Chinese: 五代十国 Hanyu pinyin: Wǔd?ish?gu?) (907-960) was a period of political upheaval in China, between the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty (960-1279)|Song Dynasty. During this period, 5 dynasties succeeded each other in rapid succession in the north, and more than a dozen independent states, mainly in the south, were established, though only ten of them are traditionally listed, hence giving rise to the name "Ten Kingdoms". The Five Dynasties:
The Ten Kingdoms:
Other regimes:
The period was a direct result of the political disintegration at the end of the Tang Dynasty, which saw power shifting away from the imperial government and into the hands of regional military governors (jiedushi). The Huang Chao Rebellion (875-884) also dealt a severe blow to the authority of the central government. By the early 10th century, the central government held little power over powerful jiedushi, who were de facto independent. Important jiedushi at this point included: North China
South China
Zhu Wen was the most powerful warlord at the time in North China. Originally a member of Huang Chao's rebel army, he surrendered to the Tang Dynasty and was crucial in suppressing the rebellion. For this he was given the title of Xuanwu Jiedushi|Xuanwu Jiedushi. Within a few years he had consolidated his power by destroying his neighbours, and was able to force a move of the imperial capital to Luoyang (modern Luoyang, Henan province), within his power base. In 904 he had the Emperor Zhaozong of Tang China|Emperor Zhaozong killed and put his 13-year-old son on the throne as a puppet ruler. Three years later, in 907, he induced the boy emperor to abdicate in his favour. He then proclaimed the founding of the Later Liang Dynasty, with himself as emperor. By now, many of his rival warlords had also declared their own independent regimes, and not all of them recognized the new dynasty as overlord. In particular, Li Cunxu and Liu Shouguang opposed the new regime, and fought it for control of North China. Li Cunxu was particularly successful. After defeating in 915 Liu Shouguang (who had proclaimed a Yan (Five Dynasties)|Yan Empire in 911), Li Cunxu declared himself emperor in 923 and, within a few months, swept away the Later Liang regime, replacing it with the Later Tang Dynasty. Under him, much of North China was reunified again, and in 925 he was able to conquer Former Shu, a regime that had been set up in Sichuan. The Later Tang Dynasty oversaw a few years of relative calm. Soon, however, unrest began to brew once again. In 934 Sichuan once again became independent as the Later Shu regime. In 936, Shi Jingtang, a jiedushi based in Taiyuan, rebelled with the help of the Khitan Empire of Manchuria. In return for their help, Shi Jingtang promised the Khitans 16 prefectures in the Youyun area (modern northern Hebei province and Beijing) and annual tribute. The rebellion succeeded, and Shi Jingtang became emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty (Five Dynasties)|Later Jin Dynasty in that same year. After the founding of Later Jin, the Khitans increasingly began to view Later Jin as their proxy in China proper. In 943 they decided to take the land for themselves, and within three years had swept into the capital at Kaifeng, ending the Later Jin dynasty. However, they were unable (or unwilling) to hold onto the vast areas of China proper that they had conquered, and retreated early in the next year. To fill this void, a jiedushi named Liu Zhiyuan entered the imperial capital in 947, proclaiming the Later Han Dynasty (Five Dynasties)|Later Han Dynasty. This was the most short-lived of the 5 dynasties, as a coup in 951 led to the enthronement of General Guo Wei and the beginning of the Later Zhou Dynasty. However, Liu Chong, a member of the Later Han imperial family, set up the rival Northern Han regime in Taiyuan, and sought Khitan help to defeat Later Zhou. After the death of Guo Wei in 951, his adopted son Chai Rong succeeded the throne and began to pursue a policy of expansion and reunification. In 954 he defeated combined Khitan and Northern Han forces, ending their hopes of destroying Later Zhou. Between 956 and 958 Later Zhou dealt severe defeats to Southern Tang, the most powerful regime in South China, forcing them to cede all territory north of the Yangtze River. In 959 Chai Rong attacked the Khitan Empire in a bid to recover the territories ceded during the Later Jin Dynasty, and scored several victories before succumbing to illness. In 960, the general Zhao Kuangyin staged a coup and took the throne for himself, founding the Northern Song Dynasty. This marks the official end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Over the next two decades, Zhao Kuangyin and his successor Zhao Kuangyi defeated all of the other remaining regimes in China proper, conquering Northern Han in 979 and reunifying China completely by 982. Unlike North China, where dynasties succeeded each other in rapid succession, the regimes of South China existed more or less concurrently and each held on to a specific geographical area. By 920, Wu (Ten Kingdoms)|Wu had been established in modern Jiangsu, Anhui, and Jiangxi provinces; Wuyue was based mostly in modern Zhejiang province, Min (Ten Kingdoms)|Min in Fujian, Southern Han in Guangdong, Chu (Ten Kingdoms)|Chu in Hunan, Jingnan in Jiangling, Hubei province, and Former Shu in Sichuan. Sichuan fell under northern control in 925, but in 934 it regained independence as the Later Shu. In 937 Wu (Ten Kingdoms)|Wu was replaced with Southern Tang. Although more stable than North China as a whole, South China was also torn apart by warfare. Wu (Ten Kingdoms)|Wu quarrelled with her neighbours, a trend that continued as Wu was replaced with Southern Tang. In the 940's Min (Ten Kingdoms)|Min and Chu (Ten Kingdoms)|Chu underwent internal crises which Southern Tang handily took advantage of, destroying Min in 945 and Chu in 951. (Remnants of Min and Chu, however, survived in the form of Qingyuan Jiedushi and Wuping Jiedushi for many years after.) With this, Southern Tang became the undisputedly most powerful regime of Southern China. However, it was unable to defeat incursions by the Later Zhou Dynasty between 956 and 958, and ceded away all of its land north of the Yangtze River. The Northern Song Dynasty, established in 960, was determined to reunify China. Jingnan and Wuping Jiedushi|Wuping were swept away in 963, Later Shu in 965, Southern Han in 971, Southern Tang in 975. Finally, Wuyue and Qingyuan Jiedushi|Qingyuan gave up their land to Northern Song in 978, bringing all of South China into the control of the central government. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <caption>Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907-960</caption> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Personal Names</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Period of Reigns</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">the Five Dynasties</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 907-923</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Zhu Wen|朱溫 zhu1 wen1</td> <td>907-912</td> <td> Kaiping (開平 kai1 ping2) 907-911<br> Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 911-912<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4</td> <td>Zhu Zhen|朱瑱 zhu1 zhen4</td> <td>913-923</td> <td> Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 913-9115<br> Zhenming (貞明 zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde (龍德 long2 de2) 921-923 </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 923-936</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zhuang Zong|莊宗 zhuang1 zong1</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Li Cun Xu|李存勗 li3 cun2 xu4</td> <td>923-926</td> <td>Tongguang (同光 tong2 guang1) 923-926<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ming Zong|明宗 ming2 zong1</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Li Si Yuan|李嗣源 li3 si4 yuan2 or Li Dan|李亶 li3 dan3</td> <td>926-933</td> <td> Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 926-930<br> Changxing (長興 chang2 xing1) 930-933<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Min Di|節閔帝 min3 di4</td> <td>Li Cong Xu|李從厚 li3 cong2 hou4</td> <td>933-934</td> <td>Yingshun (應順 ying4 shun4) 913-9115<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4</td> <td>Li Cong Ke|李從珂 li3 cong2 ke1</td> <td>934-936</td> <td>Qingtai (清泰 qing1 tai4) 934-936<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 936-947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Shi Jing Tang|石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2</td> <td>936-942</td> <td>Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4</td> <td>Shi Chong Gui|石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4</td> <td>942-947</td> <td> Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944<br> Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 936-947</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Liu Zhi Yuan|劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3</td> <td>947-948</td> <td> Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947<br> Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Yin Di|隱帝 yin3 di4</td> <td>Liu Cheng You|劉承祐 liu3 cheng2 you4</td> <td>948-950</td> <td>Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948-950<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 951-960</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Guo Wei|郭威 guo1 wei1</td> <td>951-954</td> <td> Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954<br> Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Chai Rong|柴榮 chai2 rong2</td> <td>954-959</td> <td>Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Gong Di|恭帝 gong1 di4</td> <td>Chai Zong Xun|柴宗訓 chai2 zong1 xun4</td> <td>959-960</td> <td>Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">the Ten Kingdoms</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Wu Yue Kingdom 904-978</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3</td> <td>Wu Su Wang|武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2</td> <td>Qian Liu|錢鏐 qian2 liu2</td> <td>904-932</td> <td> Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923<br> Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925<br> Baozheng (寶正 bao3 zheng4) 925-932<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)</td> <td>Wen Mu Wang|文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2</td> <td>Qian Yuan Quan|錢元瓘 qian2 yuan2 guan4</td> <td>932-941</td> <td>Did not exist</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1)</td> <td>Zhong Xian Wang|忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2</td> <td>Qian Zuo|錢佐 qian2 zuo3</td> <td>941-947</td> <td>Did not exist</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Zhong Xun Wang|忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2</td> <td>Qian Zong|錢倧 qian2 zong1</td> <td>947</td> <td>Did not exist</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Zhong Yi Wang|忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2</td> <td>Qian Chu|錢俶 qian2 chu4</td> <td>947-978</td> <td>Did not exist</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Min Kingdom 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 943-945</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3</td> <td>Zhong Yi Wang|忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2</td> <td>Wang Shen Zhi|王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1</td> <td>909-925</td> <td>Did not exist</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Wang Yan Han|王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4</td> <td>925-926</td> <td>Did not exist<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)</td> <td>Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)</td> <td>Wang Yan Jun|王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1</td> <td>926-935</td> <td> Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935<br> Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1)</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Wang Ji Peng|王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2</td> <td>935-939</td> <td>Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1)</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Wang Yan Xi|王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1</td> <td>939-944</td> <td>Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin)</td> <td>Wang Yan Zheng|王延政 wang2 yan2 zheng4</td> <td>943-945</td> <td>Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Jing Nan or Nan Ping Kingdom 906-963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Wu Xin Wang|武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2</td> <td>Gao Ji Xing|高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1</td> <td>909-928</td> <td>Did not exist<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Wen Xian Wang|文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2</td> <td>Gao Cong Hui|高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4</td> <td>928-948</td> <td>Did not exist<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Zhen Yi Wang|貞懿王 yi4 wang2</td> <td>Gao Bao Rong|高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2</td> <td>948-960</td> <td>Did not exist<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Shi Zhong|侍中 shi4 zhong1</td> <td>Gao Bao Xu|高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4</td> <td>960-962</td> <td>Did not exist<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Gao Ji Chong|高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1</td> <td>962-963</td> <td>Did not exist<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Chu Kingdom 897-951</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Wu Mo Wang|武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2</td> <td>Ma Yin|馬殷 ma3 yin1</td> <td>897-930</td> <td>Did not exist</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Heng Yang Wang|衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2</td> <td>Ma Xi Sheng|馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1</td> <td>930-932</td> <td>Did not exist</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Wen Zhao Wang|文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2</td> <td>Ma Xi Fan|馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4</td> <td>932-947</td> <td>Did not exist</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Fei Wang|廢王 fei4 wang2</td> <td>Ma Xi Guang|馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3</td> <td>947-950</td> <td>Did not exist</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Gong Xiao Wang|恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2</td> <td>Ma Xi E|馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4</td> <td>950</td> <td>Did not exist</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Ma Xi Chong|馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2</td> <td>950-951</td> <td>Did not exist</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Wu Kingdom 904-937</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3</td> <td>Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4</td> <td>Yang Xing Mi|楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4</td> <td>904-905</td> <td>Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lie Zong|烈宗 lie4 zong1</td> <td>Jing Di|景帝 jing3 di4</td> <td>Yang Wo|楊渥 yang2 wo4</td> <td>905-908</td> <td>Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3</td> <td>Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4</td> <td>Yang Long Yan|楊隆演 yang2 long2 yan3</td> <td>908-921</td> <td> Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919<br> Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Rui Di|睿帝 rui4 di4</td> <td>Yang Pu|楊溥 yang2 pu3</td> <td>921-937</td> <td> Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927<br> Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929<br> Dahe (大和 da4 he2) 929-935<br> Tianzuo (天祚 tian1 zuo4) 935-937<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 937-975</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Hou Zhu|李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Xian Zhu|先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu|烈祖 lie4 zu3</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Li Bian|李(曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4</td> <td>937-943</td> <td>Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zhong Zhu|中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong|元宗 yuan2 zong1</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Li Jing|李璟 li3 jing3</td> <td>943-961</td> <td> Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958<br> Jiaotai (交泰 jiao1 tai4) 958<br> Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 958<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Li Houzhu|Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3</td> <td>Wu Wang|武王 wu3 wang2</td> <td>Li Yu|李煜 li3 yu4</td> <td>961-975</td> <td>Did not exist<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 917-971</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3</td> <td>Tian Huang Da Di|天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4</td> <td>Liu Yan|劉巖 liu3 yan2 or Liu Yan|劉(龍 on top of 天) liu3 yan3 </td> <td>917-925</td> <td> Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 917-925<br> Bailong (白龍 bai2 long2) 925-928<br> Dayou (大有 da4 you3) 928-941 </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Shang Di|殤帝 shang1 di4</td> <td>Liu Fen|劉玢 liu3 fen1</td> <td>941-943</td> <td>Guangtian (光天 guag1 tian1) 941-943<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zhong Zong|中宗 zhong1 zong1</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Liu Cheng|劉晟 liu3 cheng2</td> <td>943-958</td> <td> Yingqian (應乾 ying4 qian2) 943<br> Qianhe (乾和 qian4 he2) 943-958 </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3</td> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Liu Chang|劉鋹 liu3 chang3</td> <td>958-971</td> <td>Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 958-971<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 951-979</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shi Zu|世祖 shi4 zu3</td> <td>Shen Wu Di|神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4</td> <td>Liu Min|劉旻 liu3 min2</td> <td>951-954</td> <td>Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rui Zong|睿宗 rui4 zong1</td> <td>Xiao He Di|孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4</td> <td>Liu Cheng Jun|劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1</td> <td>954-970</td> <td> Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957<br> Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 957-970<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shao Zhu|少主 shao4 zhu3</td> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Liu Ji En|劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1</td> <td>970</td> <td>Did not exist<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist<br> <td>Ying Wu Di|英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4</td> <td>Liu Ji Yuan|劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2</td> <td>970-982</td> <td>Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 907 - 925</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Wang Jian|王建 wang2 jian4</td> <td>907-918</td> <td> Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907<br> Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910<br> Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 911-915<br> Tongzheng (通正 tong1 zheng4) 916<br> Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 917<br> Guangtian (光天 guang1 tian1) 918<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3</td> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Wang Yan|王衍 wang2 yan3</td> <td>918-925</td> <td> Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925<br> Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 934 - 965</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3</td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign</td> <td>Meng Zhi Xiang|孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2</td> <td>934</td> <td>Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934<br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3</td> <td>Did not exist</td> <td>Meng Chang|孟昶 meng4 chang3</td> <td>938-965</td> <td> Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938<br> Guangzheng (廣政 guang3 zheng4) 938-965<br> </td> </tr> </table> Other regimes <br> <br> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <caption>local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms</caption> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Name of Posts</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Personal Names</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Period on post</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Wuping and Hunan 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 950-963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3</td> <td>Liu Yan|劉言 liu3 yan2</td> <td>950-953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3</td> <td>Wang Kui|王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui|王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2</td> <td>953-956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3</td> <td>Zhou Xing Feng|周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2</td> <td>956-962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3</td> <td>Zhou Bao Quan|周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2</td> <td>962-963</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center">Quanzhang 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 945-978</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3</td> <td>Liu Cong Xiao|留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4</td> <td>945-962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3</td> <td>Liu Shao Zi|留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1</td> <td>962</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3</td> <td>Zhang Han Si|張漢思 zhang1 han4 si1</td> <td>962-963</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3</td> <td>Chen Hong Jin|陳洪進 chen2 hong2 jin4</td> <td>963-978</td> </tr> </table>
ja:五代十国時代 fi:Viisi dynastiaa de:F?nf Dynastien und Zehn K?nigreiche zh:五代十国 Category:History of China This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period".
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