C - Books - Famous Chinese Shopping City

March 8, 2014


		1 Introduction 2 Phonetic use 3 Alternative representations 4 Meanings for C 5 See also

Famous Chinese Shopping City Books

Wikipedia

This page is about the letter C itself. For other uses of C, see C (disambiguation).

C++ and C# redirect here due to Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_%28technical_restrictions%29|technical limitations; the articles on C++ and C# programming languages are located at C plus plus and C Sharp. For information about the musical note C#, see musical notation.

AZ|uc=C|lc=c
C (lowercase c) is the third letter of the Roman alphabet. Its name in English language|English is cee.

In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no distinctive phonation|voicing, so they took over Greek language|Greek Gamma|Γ (Gamma) to write their /k/.
In the beginning, the Romans used C for both /k/ and /g/, only later adding a horizontal bar at right-center to produce G.
It is possible but uncertain that C represented only /g/ at an even earlier time, while K might have been used for /k/.

Some scholars claim that the Semitic ג (g??mel) pictured a camel, but most assume it was probably gaml (a throwing stick/boomerang).

Other alphabets have letters identical to C in form but not in use and derivation, in particular the Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic letter Es (cyrillic)|Es which derives from one form of the Greek alphabet|Greek letter sigma (letter)|sigma, known as the "lunate sigma" from its resembalnce to a crescent moon.

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Phonetic use

/k/ developed palatal consonant|palatal and velar consonant|velar allophones in Latin, probably due to Etruscan influence. The Romance languages and English language|English have a common feature inherited from Vulgar Latin where C takes on either a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the following vowel. In English and French language|French, C takes the "hard" value voiceless velar plosive|IPA|/k/ finally and before A, O, and U, and the "soft" value voiceless alveolar fricative|IPA|/s/ before E, I, or Y. Romance languages obey similar rules, but the soft value is different in several languages, taking on voiceless dental fricative|/θ/ in European Spanish language|Castilian and IPA|/ʧ/ (like English CH) in Italian language|Italian and Romanian language|Romanian.

Other languages use C with different values, such as IPA|/k/ regardless of position in Irish language|Irish, Welsh language|Welsh, IPA|/θ/ in Fijian language|Fijian, IPA|/ʤ/ in Turkish language|Turkish, Tatar language|Tatar, Azeri language|Azeri, IPA|/ʦ/ in Czech language|Czech, Croatian language|Croatian, Esperanto, Hungarian language|Hungarian, Polish language|Polish, Pinyin|Romanized Chinese language|Chinese, Serbian language|Serbian.

There are several common digraphs with C, the most common being CH, which in some languages such as German language|German is far more common than C alone. In English, CH most commonly takes the value IPA|/ʧ/, but can take the value IPA|/k/ or voiceless velar fricative|IPA|/x/, usually when transliterating Greek language|Greek Χ or Hebrew. CH takes various values in other languages, such as Voiceless palatal fricative|IPA|/??/, IPA|/k/, or IPA|/x/ in German, Voiceless postalveolar fricative|IPA|/ʃ/ in French language|French, IPA|/k/ in Italian, IPA|/ʈʂʰ/ in Mandarin Chinese, and so forth. CK, with the value IPA|/k/, is often used after short vowels in Germanic languages such as English, German and Swedish language|Swedish (but some other Germanic languages use KK instead, such as Dutch language|Dutch and Norwegian language|Norwegian). The digraph CZ is found in Polish and CS in Hungarian, both representing IPA|/ʧ/.

As a phonetic symbol, lowercase c is the International Phonetic Alphabet and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive, and capital C is the X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative.

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Alternative representations

Charlie represents the letter C in the NATO phonetic alphabet.

In Morse code|international Morse code the letter C is DahDitDahDit: <tt>- ?? - ??</tt>

In Braille the letter C is represented as <big>⠉</big> (in Unicode), the dot pattern,
<pre>
XX
..
..
</pre>

Computing
In Unicode the majuscule|capital C is codepoint U+0043 and the
minuscule|lowercase c is U+0063.

The ASCII code for capital C is 67 and for lowercase c is 99; or
in Binary numeral system|binary 01000011 and 01100011,
respectively.

The EBCDIC code for capital C is 195 and for lowercase c is 131.

The numeric character references in HTML and XML are
"<tt>&#67;</tt>" and "<tt>&#99;</tt>" for upper and lower case
respectively.

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Meanings for C

A c with a bar over it is an abbreviation for the Latin word "cum", meaning "with".

In anatomy, C means cervical (cervix meaning "neck"), as in C-spine, or written with a number refers to a numbered Cervical vertebrae|cervical vertebra (C1 to C7) or cervical spinal nerve (C1 - C8)

In baseball, C is the abbreviation for the position of catcher.

In basketball, C is the abbreviation for the position of center (basketball)|center.

In biochemistry, C is the symbol for the amino acid cysteine and the nitrogenous nucleic acid base cytosine.

In business, C is a "creation" initial. It is used for the company name etc. in many Japanese companies.

In chemistry, C is the symbol for carbon.

In the CMYK color model, C stands for the color cyan.

In communication, c is an abbreviation for the word "see" in Short message service|SMS or instant message.

In computing,

* C denotes the C programming language. Several of its derivatives have names including the letter C, for example C plus plus | C++, Objective-C, and C Sharp programming language | C#.

* C is a security division ("Discretionary Protection") in the TCSEC.

In currency, c or ?? (c with a vertical or slanted bar through it) means Cent (currency)|cent.

In education, C is an average Grade (education)|grade.

In electrical engineering,

* C is the control grid bias power supply (originally a battery) of vacuum tube circuitry.

* C is the variable for capacitance, and is used to label capacitors on schematics.

* C is a standard size of dry-cell battery (electricity)|battery.

In espionage, C is the head of MI6.

In finance, C is the New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol for Citigroup.

In gold, C is the abbreviation for Carat (purity)|Carat.

In hardware, a C-clamp is a type of fastener, so called because its shape resembles the capital C.

In history, c is an abbreviation for circa. When used with years, it means about (e.g., "c. 1500" means around the year 1500).

In international relations, C sometimes represents the Commonwealth of Nations.

In List of international license plate codes|international licence plate codes, C stands for Cuba.

In paper size|international paper sizes, C is a series of sizes with an aspect ratio of roughly 70% width to height. This series is primarily used for envelopes.

In mathematics,

* C is often used as a numerical digit|digit meaning twelve in hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems with a radix of 13 or greater.

* Blackboard bold (double-struck capital C) <math>\mathbbC</math> (Unicode 0x2102 "???") denotes the set of all complex numbers.

* C with indices denotes the number of combinations, a binomial coefficient.

* Blackletter <math>\mathfrak c</math> (Unicode 0x212D "???") denotes the first beth number: the cardinality of the set of real numbers (the "continuum"), or of the power set of natural numbers.

* C<sup>n</sup> and C<sup>∞</sup> are notions of smooth function|smooth functions, meaning "continuously differentiable n times" and "infinitely differentiable", respectively.

In the SI system,

* c, centi, is an SI prefix meaning 1/100.

* C is the symbol for coulomb, the SI derived unit for electric charge.

In music, C is a note; see also Middle C

In nutrition, C is a vitamin; see Vitamin C

In physics,

* c is the speed of light|speed of light in vacuum.

* c can also be used for the speed of sound.

* c is the symbol of the charm quark.

As the first letter of a postal code,

* In Canada, C stands for Prince Edward Island.

In publishing, c with an enclosing circle, ??, denotes copyright

In rail transport, C is the UIC classification for the railroad locomotive wheel arrangement known as 0-6-0 in the Whyte notation; a locomotive with three powered axles (and thus six wheels) in which the axles are linked by gearing or side rods.

In Roman naming convention, C is the abbreviation for the praenomen Gaius.

In Roman numerals, C denotes one 100 (number)|hundred (centum in Latin; there are also separate Unicode characters for this number, 0x216D "???" and 0x217D "???").

In temperature, ??C is the symbol for degrees Celsius (there is also a separate Unicode character for this symbol, 0x2103 "???").

As a timezone, C is the military designation for UTC+3, also known as MSK or Moscow Time.

In economics, C is usually used to represent consumption.

In Microsoft Windows, Ctrl-C, (in Mac OS, Command-C) copy and paste|copies the selected text, image or sound and places it on the clipboard.

In UNIX/Linux terminals, Ctrl-C kills the current action.

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